Company Law Exam with Answers - 1887 Words

QUESTION 1 a. Define a promoter of a company. Explain and illustrate with decided cases his legal position in relation to a company. Though the certificate of incorporation is conclusive for purposes of incorporation, using decided cases, outline circumstances under which it could be withdrawn.(10marks) ANSWER Definition; A promoter is one who undertakes to form a company with reference to a given project and to set it going and who takes the necessary step to accomplish that purpose - A promoter is not an agent of the company he promotes, as it does not exist yet. At common law, he cannot be an agent of a non-existent principle. - A promoter is not a trustee of the company in formation as it does not exist yet. - The English courts have†¦show more content†¦When the charge chrysalises it fixes on the assets then owned by the company, catching any assets acquired up to that date, but missing any which have already been disposed of. Explain the similarities and differences be tween shares and debentures. (7marks) i. Similarities - A debenture is usually one of a series or class, which is similar to a class of shares. - Debentures, as well, as shares are long term investments in the company and re transferable in the same manner. - Debentures and shares may be issued in the same way through a prospectus issue ii. Differences - A shareholder is a member whereas a debenture holder is a creditor - A shareholder has an interest in the company but not in the company’s property. A debenture holder has no interest in the company but has an interest in the company’s property, which constitutes his security. - A shareholder can attend a meeting of the company and vote at the meeting whereas a debenture holder cannot - A shareholder cannot insure the company’s property where as a debenture holder can. - Interest on debenture must be paid even if the company doesn’t not make a profit and can, therefore, be paid out of capital. Dividends o n share are payable only if profits are made and cannot be paid out of capital. - A company can purchase its own debentures but cannot, as a general rule, purchase its own shares. - As a general rule, share cannot be issued at a discount, where as debentures may be issued at a discount.Show MoreRelatedI Believe My Father Was A Great Candidate For My Strong Tie1356 Words   |  6 Pagesme understand more about the CPA exam. I tried to think of questions that would answer all aspects of how the exam has helped him over his career. As a more mature professional I generated more in depth and reflective questions. After generating these questions, I confirmed our location for the in person interview. I hoped that he would describe the way in which the exam has transformed over the years, and how the workplace uses the certification. He took the exam approximately 20 years ago in 1994Read MoreFinal Exam1137 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿BUSINESS LAW FINAL EXAM This is a take-home exam. The exam is to be handed out on July 26, 2012 and returned on July 31, 2012 on the final exam time. The group leader will assign each group member a question and each group member will answer the question and return the answer to the group leader. The group leader will grade each member in terms of cooperation and totality of the answer. The group leader will submit a final draft on exam date (July 31, 2012). The final draft must be done inRead MoreEssay on Mgt 520 Final Exam Study1408 Words   |  6 PagesMGMT520 Final Exam Study Guide Finals open on Saturday April 20  at 12:01 a.m. MT (Saturday morning) Finals close on Thursday April 25 at 11:59 p.m. MT (Thursday night) PLEASE DON’T WAIT TILL THE LAST MINUTE – THE SYSTEM IS BUSY AND MAY SLOW DOWN AND ANYTHING CAN HAPPEN. YOU MAY WANT TO PRINT THIS GUIDE. 1. The final exam is open book, open notes. The maximum time you can spend in the exam is 3 hours, 30 minutes. If you have not clicked the Submit For Grade button by then, you will be automaticallyRead MoreThe Pre Licensing Course Exam1692 Words   |  7 Pagespre-licensing course exam within the acceptable margin which means I answered at least 80% of the questions correctly. Now, on to the state exam. It is a 115 question-multiple choice test with a four hour time frame. 5 of the questions are dummies and will not be scored. You must answer correctly 82 of the 110 questions or score at least 75%. The instructor stressed to all of us in the class to apply immediately to The North Carolina Real Estate Commission to take the state real estate exam after we finishedRead MoreHrm 593 Final Exam Answers1272 Words   |  6 PagesHRM 593 Final Exam Answers http://www.homework-bank.com/downloads/hrm-593-final-exam-answers/ For Any Information or Any Class Which you did not find on Our Website, Just Hit US Email On below address Email Address: hworkbank@gmail.com Visit Our Website: http://www.homework-bank.com/ HRM 593 Final Exam Answers 1.(TCO A) Alice Jones was employed as a clerk-typist by a company. She requested and was refused a vacation day. The employer’s refusal was based on her failure to submit the requestRead MoreHum 112 Week 8 Assignment 2 – Project Paper1717 Words   |  7 Pagespaper (750-1,000 words) that responds to each of the items described in the topic. For the topic you choose: 1. Support your ideas with specific, illustrative examples. If there are questions or points associated with your chosen topic, be sure to answer all of the listed questions and address all of the items in that topic. If your topic asks you to do several things related to the topic, be sure to do each of the things listed. 2. While some of the topics tend to lend themselves toward particularRead MoreAccounting1024 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion 1:   * Proficient-level:   * There are several important functions performed in an organization, among which accounting is one of them. Define the accounting function and discuss how it differs from double-entry bookkeeping. Answer: According to the Dictionary of Accounting Terms, Accounting is defined as a one step process of recording, measuring, interpreting and communicating financial data by preparing financial statements in order to reflect financial condition and operatingRead MoreOutline Of A Application Of Tests1395 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause of Chinese English educational services companies’ prediction on the test questions, which allowed their student clients to get to know the questions that would appear in the exam ahead. This is so far the only speculation that makes sense. It is widely known that standard tests including IELTS and TOEFL, IELTS’s American counterpart, and some other institution admission tests like GRE and GMAT, are all based on gigantic question pools. On each exam day, sponsors of the tests select a specificRead MoreMy Assessment On Business Ethics Online Discussion On Board1504 Words   |  7 Pagesthinking is every Company or origination have monitorin g system to keep looking what s going on inside the work place and how to manage it. my assessment based on three topics ,behavioral ethics, bounded ethicality, conflict of interest Ethics behavior means a person have honesty fairness and equity. Diversity and rights of individuals and groups of people. These are my chose one and write on details what is that and how they affect our daily live. Business ethics show how companies and big organizationRead MoreMgmt 410 Final Exam 100% Correct Answers1204 Words   |  5 PagesMGMT 410 Final Exam 100% Correct Answers Follow Below Link to Download Tutorial https://homeworklance.com/downloads/mgmt-410-final-exam-100-correct-answers/ For More Information Visit Our Website ( https://homeworklance.com/ ) Email us At: Support@homeworklance.com or lancehomework@gmail.com FINAL EXAM TOPICS/CONCEPTS WITH RELATED QUESTIONS (10) 1. Human Resource Management and Strategic Planning – Identify and describe the Functions for Human Resources Management Define the concept

The Ethics Of Implicit Bias - 1097 Words

â€Å"You are a racist!† is a phrase that produces anxiety and triggers defensive mindsets, especially in work environments. Are you racist? Are you sexist? Are you bias? The answers to these questions might not be as stress-free to answer as you believe. Is it possible to be biased without the intent to be biased? Yes. There are two different types of biases; explicit bias and implicit bias. Explicit bias is when you consciously believe that certain races, genders, or religions are inferior. Implicit bias is when you think that you are unbiased but actually perform unconscious bias actions. Recognizing implicit bias is no easy undertaking which is why there have been theoretical attempts to avert implicit bias before it materializes. In the modern business world, unintentional prejudiced actions happen every day. In his paper â€Å"Context and the Ethics of Implicit Bias,† Michael Brownstein attempts to find a solution to these critical issues. In this essay, I will a ttempt to explain the theories behind the three ‘ethics of implicit bias’ and what problems arise in each situation according to Brownstein. I will then describe the advanced contextualist approach of Brownstein’s and why I consider his strategy to be the most effective in business settings through my own personal experiences. First I will go over the three strategies. In his paper â€Å"Context and the Ethics of Implicit Bias,† Michael Brownstein lists three approaches used to battle implicit bias. The three ‘ethics ofShow MoreRelatedHow Unethical Are You941 Words   |  4 Pagesreality, most of them fall woefully short of our inflated self-perception. This article explores four related sources of unintentional unethical decision making: 1. Implicit Prejudice: Bias that emerges from unconscious beliefs Most fair-minded people strive to judge others according to their merits. What makes implicit prejudice so common and persistent is that it is rooted in the fundamental mechanics of thought. Early on, we learn to associate things that commonly go together like rainRead MoreWhat Makes A Sense Of Encounters Or Experiences You Have Had?845 Words   |  4 Pagesnamely India, Japan, South Korea and Singapore. This probably has created an implicit association in my mind resulting in seeing Asians as a group and Europeans as a different group. In 2013, I made a 4 day trip to Dubai with family. That was my first trip to a Middle Eastern country. I could see that I felt a little out of place in that country in spite of my exposure and knowledge of Islam. I wonder if the implicit bias indicated in the result of Religion IAT is a reason for this feeling. I couldRead MoreDoes Racial Bias Affect The Lives Of Americans? Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pagesis why we must look at the causes of this racial bias and the effects. We cannot ignore the obvious disadvantages minorities face in America. When examining the ways that systemic racial bias affects the lives of Americans, it is important to first define what systemic racial bias actually is. For the purposes of this research paper, it is the tendency of racism to exist in a specified process. Throughout the past centuries, the presence of this bias changed significantly but not disappeared. In anRead MoreLeininger s Theory Of Culture Care Diversity1473 Words   |  6 Pageshealth outcomes per the patient’s culture. Though nursing students are receiving cultural education and the theory is necessary in a multicultural society, it may be too idealistic to function effectively in practice due to factors like racism and implicit bias. Maier-Lorentz (2008) noted that the nursing caree r force is predominantly Caucasian, which would mandate transcultural nursing in a multicultural society. However, Narayanasamy (1999) observed, â€Å"†¦nursing is not culturally free but culturally determinedRead MoreAca And Naadac Code Of Ethics971 Words   |  4 PagesACA and NAADAC Code of Ethics The ACA and NAADAC code of ethics will help the counselor with decision making. When the counselor is not sure how to act or say about an issue, it is important that she goes back and review the ACA and NAADAC code of ethics to make sure she is not being biased or discriminating a client in her practice. ACA and NAADAC is a guide that will help the counselor to reference. An ACA code that will help the counselor with multicultural code to use in the practice is A.2Read MoreFemales Of The Same Sexual Orientation1146 Words   |  5 Pagesrevealed an implicit in-group preconception that did not alter from that undertaken by women belonging to heterosexuality (Anselmi, et al, 2015). Woman of the same sexual orientation believed a more explicit in-group bias that was flexible compared to heterosexual women (Anselmi, et al, 2015). The Sabin, Riskind, Nosek, (2015) analysis had abundant effects, and their study was exclusive since they performed the implicit attitude test on healthcare providers (Sabin, et al, 2015). Implicit predispositionsRead MoreEssay On Non-Sided Perception1722 Words   |  7 Pagesdistracted. This is believed to change the attitude of an individual through bias thinking. Which is a factor that influences the change in attitude of individuals. As the expert has prior knowledge and has enough sufficient information to encourage the individual to change their attitude towards healthy eating. By providing them with non-bias messages. However, Forgas, 1995; Petty et al (1993) believe that when motives bias thinking, people actively try to generate favourable or unfavourable thoughtsRead MoreReconstructing Zwolinksi s Argument About Sweatshop Labor Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pagesavoid the techniques of persuasive advertising if the prospective advertisers intend to. 6. Reconstruct Washington Kelly’s argument about implicit bias and responsibility Washington Kelly put forward their insisting on that people should be responsible for their action from their implicit biases and the result caused by them. The harm caused by implicit biases in our social life among the interpersonal communications could not be ignored or shirked responsibility. The authors of this articleRead MoreEthics Are The Foundation Of An Organization Essay1988 Words   |  8 PagesEthics are the foundation of an organization. They are what guides an organizations employee behavior, policies and business decisions. The reputation and success of any organization is heavily tied to their ethical climate. It is important that organizations understand the correlation between acting ethically and organizational success. According to Kreitner Kinicki a staggering eighty four percent of Americans said that if price and quality was similar, they would change their allegiance to anRead MoreEmmission Essay Purpose1077 Words   |  5 Pagesprogram is a self-structur ed masters involving a dissertation and student designed track as is traditional to philosophy. It is my intent to structure my education around the topics of language and social philosophy such as feminism, global justice, implicit bias, etc. A focus not only supported through modules and reading groups, but a large faculty of shared interests and a socially conscious greater campus community. My undergraduate research largely centered around these topics as did my community work

Women’s contemporary work Free Essays

string(59) " member available to care for their children \(Kemp 247\)\." In the United States the labor market is strongly segregated according to sex: there are distinctive men’s and women’s occupations, jobs, and work tasks. Examples of women’s gender-non-traditional occupations are: engineer, manager of a private business, technician, police officer, auto mechanic. This work reveals some of these hidden aspects of women’s work. We will write a custom essay sample on Women’s contemporary work or any similar topic only for you Order Now In different ways, the studies reported here point to the pervasiveness of gender as an organizing principle in the world of employment. The first goal of this paper is to identify the systematic and institutionally created and reinforced dimensions of women’s work experience. The paper shows how gender affects the ways in which women are included in the labor force, the impact of work technologies, the threat of sexual harassment, government policy toward workers, the accessibility of labor organizations, the ability to protest collectively, and employed mothers’ attitudes toward their work lives as related to the division of labor at home. Today the majority of working-age women (18-64) are in the labor force. Single and divorced women tend to have higher labor force participation rates than married or older widowed women, but marital status is having a decreasing effect on women’s chances of working for pay. Although giving birth has traditionally been a reason for women to drop out of paid work and begin full-time homemaking, as the labor force participation rate for women has increased, the rate for mothers of young children has increased even faster. By 1983, half of all mothers of two-year-olds were in the labor force, and the proportion of women working increased with the age of the youngest child (Waldman 1983). Over their lifetimes, virtually all women will spend more years in the labor force than as child rearers. Most women, like most men, work as individuals for large or small companies and agencies; the family enterprise has virtually disappeared. The last holdout, the family farm, has largely gone under in the 1980s farm crisis. In 1983, 93 percent of employed women were wage and salary workers, working neither for themselves nor in family businesses, but for companies and businesses. Women workers are important to all industrial sectors. Women are more than 50 percent of the workers in retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services, particularly entertainment, health, hospitals, elementary and secondary education, welfare, and religion. Only in agriculture, mining, and construction are women less than 20 percent of the workers. Fox and Hess-Biber (1984) have summarized the extensive body of research on women workers: The occupations held by women are concentrated in the secondary labor market – jobs characterized by low wages, poor working conditions, little chance for advancement, lack of stability, and personalized employer/employee relations conducive to arbitrary and capricious work discipline. Although there has been some limited decline in sex segregation since 1970, the work world remains basically segregated into men’s jobs and women’s jobs. Even the slight decline appears less positive when examined closely: women tend to be able to enter previously male work when those occupations are declining in power and status and males are able to find better jobs elsewhere. On the whole, women have been able to increase their numbers in the labor force because the occupations and industries into which they are segregated have been expanding their need for labor. The barriers to occupational change are extensive, and involve both public and private patriarchy: childhood socialization of boys and girls to want different work, discriminatory practices of career counselors and employment firms, corporate personnel practices, harassment by male coworkers, failure of government to require affirmative action, reluctance of women to face the battles and hostilities that would result from their entering nontraditional work, child care responsibilities, and the refusal or inability of husbands to share housework and child care equally. Women’s wages tend to be lower than men’s even within the same occupational groupings, whether these are professional subspecialties or blue-collar work. On the whole, women and men do not work in the same occupations. The expansion of women’s paid work since World War II has been less in professional or highly paid technical work, and more in service occupations characterized by low pay and lack of promotion opportunities. In some cases the hierarchical relationship of men and women is built directly into the work structure of individuals. The relation of an executive secretary to an executive is that of an â€Å"office wife†. In other cases the hierarchy is occupational. Staff doctors, predominantly male, leave orders for hospital nurses (predominantly female) to carry out. Management of the labor force is a white male prerogative. Although low-level management positions may be filled by women, 96. 5 percent of persons making $50,000 or more in executive, administrative, or managerial positions in the 1980 census were males; 94. 9 percent were white males. Among members of professional specialties making $50,000 or more, 96 percent were male and 90 percent were white males (U. S. Census Bureau 1980). The higher-level managers not only manage the labor force, they also set and carry out the policies and programs of business, public administration, education, medicine, and other fields. Nor does government offer an antidote to disproportionate male power. In 1982, women were only 12 percent of state legislators and 6 percent of mayors; in 1983 they were only 4 percent of the U. S. Congress (U. S. Census Bureau 1985). Promotion tracks tend to require a flow of family work mothers generally lack. Promotion in skilled and semiskilled blue-collar jobs typically depends not on outside schooling but on on-the-job training. Skilled workers such as electricians and plumbers are trained through apprenticeships, many of which require nighttime classes for several years. This may contribute to the fact that women were only 7 percent of registered apprentices in 1991. Semiskilled workers learn their jobs often in training programs that take place in overtime. This means that women are excluded from such training because they are less likely to have a family member available to care for their children (Kemp 247). You read "Women’s contemporary work" in category "Papers" An increasing amount of control over women’s daily labor is held by employers, not husbands. Husbands may willingly accept, even urge, wives to engage in less homemaking and child care in recognition that what women can buy with the money they earn working may be more valuable than what they can produce through their unpaid labor at home. What they can buy depends on what goods and services companies offer; in other words, what employees are paid to do. The goods and services that are produced, the conditions of the work that produces them, and the market relations under which they are offered to clients and customers are all hierarchically ordered. American society is capitalist. The increase of public patriarchy is an increase in the power of corporate managers and the upper class. It is an increase in the power of higher-level men at the expense of the erstwhile privileges of lower-level men. Upper-level men continue to have stay-at-home wives and in addition have women employees, whereas lower-level men have either no wives or working wives and are themselves employees. They obtain goods and services to the extent that the decision-making elite considers the provision of such goods and services to be in the interest of the elite, and to the extent that the men’s wage levels or other statuses permit. Although the benefit is largely to the upper-level men, it is not only to them. The jobs of many working women are oriented to giving â€Å"service with a smile,† making life nicer for men at all levels (Hochschild 1983). Examples range from television entertainers, provided free by advertisers to everyone with access to a television set, to airline flight attendants, provided by airlines to those who can afford to fly. It could be said that under public patriarchy, women are provided as a public good for all men. Poorer men who could never afford homemaker wives may now receive the services of working women, albeit at a much lower level. For example, men in some public chronic care hospitals have their beds made and rooms cleaned by women workers. Women’s benefit from public patriarchy depends on their economic class and their family status. Although women’s wages are well below men’s, professional women’s wages are higher than unskilled women’s wages. Clearly, what can be bought can be bought better by those with more income. The career woman combines freedom and income to a greater extent than other women except those with clear title to inherited wealth. Those who perceive themselves as powerless and fit mainly for motherhood will reject policies and practices connected with public patriarchy. These particulars may be less matters of income and more matters of education and class background. Low-income women may be better off under the programs of the welfare state than under the power of lowincome husbands. Women may get both jobs in the public sector and services from the public sector. Services to low-income people are provided to women as well as men (such as free television or Medicaid hospital beds). Married women at most levels of the class system may enter the welfare system when they become divorced. Compared with husbands, public agencies may be more reliable, more amenable to negotiation, and less likely to become violent while drunk. The increase in working women and the increasing importance of public patriarchy have various implications for men and women. Lower wages and job segregation for women assure the continuation of male domination. Speaking of the relation between women’s low wages in public and their subordination in the family, Heidi Hartmann ( 1981b) says, â€Å"The lower pay women receive in the labor market both perpetuates men’s material advantage over women and encourages women to choose wifery as a career. Second, then, women do housework, childcare, and perform other services at home which benefit men directly. Women’s home responsibilities in turn reinforce their inferior labor market position† (p. 22). Thus public patriarchy continues to uphold private patriarchy even as it undercuts and changes it. Just as women differ from each other, so they share a number of common features almost irrespective of their race, class, and family responsibilities. All women’s wages are lower than those of equivalently skilled and qualified men; all women are vulnerable to stereotypical assumptions about their aptitudes and their commitment to work, in particular, about the potential impact of their current or future children upon their work; all women are vulnerable to sexual harassment. Despite the factors which distinguish women from each other, it is still possible to discuss the disadvantages that women suffer as a group. Minority women are differentially affected by the change. Black men and women have always been subject to a patriarchy originating outside of, and destructive to, their family structure. In the early stages of the women’s movement some feminists seemed to envy black women their freedom from the private patriarchy of black husbands, without recognizing the oppression they suffered from the public patriarchy of white, male-dominated society. For black women and for other minorities, the family can be both a source of oppression and a protection against the worst excesses of capitalism. It has been suggested that there are very likely to be increased opportunities – in terms of both recruitment and promotion – for women in the field of computing as a consequence of its internal organisational shifts. Commentators are divided as to whether the kinds of social and communication skills which are now seen as critical for such work are attributable to nature or nurture, but are united in thinking that we are more likely to find them in women than in men. Women, typically, are seen as more empathetic, creators of harmony as opposed to hostility, of co-operation. The new technologies associated with computers are being hailed or decried as the basis of a new revolution for women. Women’s labor force participation remains high for all ages and marital statuses. But past experience has made it clear that employment in occupations may expand or contract with economic change. There is evidence that the high-tech economy will automate some of the services and clerical work that have been the mainstay of women’s employment. One possibility is that decreased employment will send women back into the home. Housewife† has often been a euphemism for â€Å"unemployed,† and may become so to a greater extent. It is not clear, however, that unemployed women will in fact become housewives supported entirely by their husbands (Bose 90). Private patriarchy declined in part because many men did not see a benefit to themselves in supporting a wife. Perhaps unemployed women will become divorced unemployed women. Perhaps they will become welfare mothers subject to a particularly important part of the public patriarchy. Perhaps they will find jobs in newly developing industries. All of these changes have taken place within a relatively short space of time. There is no denying that women’s employment rights have radically increased in that time. But for all of this, women still earn a great deal less than men (if full-time and part-time women workers are considered together, about 70 per cent of men’s hourly wages). Occupational segregation has remained almost constant to date and women are still concentrated, for the most part, at the bottom of the wage hierarchy. A few women have broken through one or more layers of glass ceiling, but the majority remains in jobs which, however demanding and skilled, pay less than those jobs in which men work. The social division of labor is maintained. Women do women’s work and men do men’s work, both in the home and in the paid work place. Women’s work is low paid or unpaid; men’s work is higher-paid, enabling men on the whole to buy women’s work both at home and in the market. Control over social policies remains in the hands of men. How to cite Women’s contemporary work, Papers

Relation between Leader Behaviors and Subordinate †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Relation between Leader Behaviors and Subordinate. Answer: The path goal theory of leadership is a particular model which is based on the specification of a leaders behaviour or a style which is best suited for the employee and the work environment for achieving a goal. The goal is to increase the motivation of the employees, cause their empowerment and also satisfaction in order to become productive members in the organisation (Hayyat Malik 2012). The path goal approach is based on the expectancy theory which explains the fact that an individual will work in a certain way based on the expectation that their act will be followed by a certain outcome. The path goal style of leadership is the most important process in which the leaders select particular behaviours which are best suited to the needs of the employees. This is also necessary to guide their employees and their needs to best guide them through the path which they need to follow to achieve results (Antonakis and House 2013). In the given case study provided, the employees are experienced and skilled to perform certain tasks which pertain to the needs of the customers. The path goal approach is appropriate in this case as the customers can get services based on their specific demands. Other leadership styles such as transactional style, the laissez-faire style, transformational style are not best in this particular case as the needs and requirements of the case study as different. The authoritative styles are not applicable as the employees need to achieve person specific goals in this particular case. References: Antonakis, J. and House, R.J., 2013. The full-range leadership theory: The way forward. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. 3-33). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Hayyat Malik, S., 2012. A Study of Relationship between Leader Behaviors and Subordinate Job Expectancies: A Path-Goal Approach.Pakistan Journal of Commerce Social Sciences,6(2).